| ARNI |
Sacubitril-Valsartan |
Inhibits neprilysin + blocks angiotensin II |
HFrEF |
ACEi within 36h (washout period), angioedema |
| ACE/ARBs |
Ramipril, Perindopril, Telmisartan, Losartan |
Inhibits RAAS |
HTN, HF, post-MI, CKD |
Pregnancy, angioedema, bilateral RAS |
| MRA |
Spironolactone |
Aldosterone receptor antagonist |
HFrEF, hyperaldosteronism, resistant HTN |
Hyperkalemia, renal failure |
| SGLT2 Inhibitors |
Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin |
Blocks glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule |
HFrEF, T2DM, CKD |
Recurrent UTIs, DKA, severe renal impairment |
| DOACs |
Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Edoxaban |
Direct Xa or thrombin inhibition |
AF, DVT/PE |
Mechanical valve, severe renal/liver disease |
| Warfarin |
Warfarin |
Vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor |
AF, DVT/PE, mechanical valves |
Pregnancy, bleeding, poor adherence |
| Heparins (UFH/LMWH) |
Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin |
Potentiates antithrombin III |
ACS, VTE, bridging |
HIT, active bleeding, AKI (for LMWHH) |
| Antiplatelets |
Aspirin, Ticagrelor, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel |
Inhibits platelet aggregation (COX-1, P2Y12) |
ACS, post-PCI, stroke prevention |
Active bleeding, ASA allergy |
| CCB (DHP & non-DHP) |
Amlodipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem |
Blocks L-type calcium channels |
HTN (DHP), AF (non-DHP), angina |
HFrEF (non-DHP), bradycardia |
| Loop Diuretics |
Furosemide |
Inhibits Na-K-2Cl in thick ascending loop |
HF, volume overload, hyperkalemia |
Hypovolemia, severe electrolyte disturbance |
| Thiazides Diuretics |
Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide |
Inhibits Na-Cl in DCT |
HTN, mild edema |
Gout, hyponatremia, sulfa allergy |
| K-Sparing Diuretics |
Amiloride |
Blocks ENaC or aldosterone receptor |
K-sparing combo with loop/thiazide diuretics |
Hyperkalemia, renal impairment |
| Class I Antiarrhythmic (Na-Blockers) |
Flecainide, Procainamide |
Blocks fast Na channels in myocardium |
AF, VT (selected cases) |
Structural heart disease, QT prolongation |
| Class II Antiarrhtymic (Beta Blockers) |
Metoprolol, Carvedilol, Bisoprolol |
Blocks β-adrenergic receptors |
HTN, HF, angina, arrhythmias, post-MI |
Asthma, bradycardia, heart block |
| Class III Antiarrhythmic (K-Blockers) |
Amiodarone, Sotalol |
Blocks K+ channels → prolongs repolarization |
AF, VT, VF |
Thyroid/lung disease (amio), QT prolongation |
| Class IV Antiarrhythmic (CCB - non-DHP) |
Verapamil, Diltiazem |
Blocks L-type Ca channels in AV node |
Rate control in AF |
HFrEF, bradycardia, AV block |
| Statins |
Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin |
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase |
Dyslipidemia, ASCVD prevention |
Pregnancy, liver disease |
| Ezetimibe |
Ezetimibe |
Inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption |
Add-on to statins |
Liver disease |
| PCSK9 Inhibitors |
Evolocumab, Alirocumab |
↑ LDL receptor recycling → ↓ LDL |
Familial hypercholesterolemia, high-risk ASCVD |
Hypersensitivity, cost |
| Inotropes |
Dobutamine, Dopamine |
β-agonists → ↑ contractility |
Cardiogenic shock, acute HF |
Tachyarrhythmias |
| Inodilators |
Milrinone |
PDE-3 inhibition → ↑ inotropy + vasodilation |
Decompensated HF |
Hypotension, arrhythmias |
| Vasodilators |
Nitroglycerin, Hydralazine |
Smooth muscle relaxation → ↓ preload/afterload |
Angina, HTN, acute HF |
Hypotension, PDE-5 inhibitor use |
| Vasopressors |
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine |
α/β stimulation → ↑ SVR and/or CO |
Shock (e.g., septic, cardiogenic) |
Untreated hypovolemia |